Instructional
models 
|
Instructional Models are guidelines or sets of
strategies based on learning theories on which the approaches to teaching
by instructors are based.
| Why
use instructional models? |
Instructional models prescribe how combinations of
instructional strategy components should be integrated to produce a course
of instruction. These components can include:
- use of practice
- use of multiple examples
- variations in feedback
- sequencing strategies
- use of advanced organizers
| Gagne-Briggs
instruction design |
Learning outcomes are categorised then organised into
nine instructional events. This model has been applied to the design of
computer-assisted instruction.
Lesson Example: The objective of this lesson
excerpt is that the student will be able to distinguish between a
floppy disk, hard disk and CD-ROM by giving at least two features of each..
| Instructional
event |
Lesson
Activity |
| 1. Gain
attention |
Show
learners a selection of disks (floppy, CD, Hard) |
| 3. Recall
information |
Ask
students what they have in common |
| 2. Inform
learner of objective |
Tell
students they will learn the differences between the various
storage media |
| 4. Present
stimulus material |
Show slides
explaining the uses of each |
| 5. Provide
learning guidance |
Show slides
explaining the features of each |
| 6. Elicit
performance |
Present a
blank chart of device x feature and ask students to fill in |
| 7. Provide
feedback |
Provide
answers |
| 8. Assess
performance |
Discuss
answers |
| 9. Enhance
retention |
Look at
current PC configurations. |
|
| David
Merrill's Component Display theory |
Based on the same assumptions as Gagne's theory, that
different classes of learning outcomes require different procedures for
teaching and assessment. CDT is concerned with teaching individual concepts
or principles, classifies objectives on two dimensions and formats
instruction to provide learner control.
CDT is comprised of three parts: a performance/content matrix comprised of
the desired level of student performance (Remember Instance, Remember
Generality, Use and Find) and type of content (Fact, Concept,
Procedure and Principle), four primary presentation forms: Expository
(Rule, Example) and Inquisitory (Recall, Practice), and a set of
prescriptions relating the level of performance and type of content to
the presentation forms.
Lesson Example: The objective of this lesson
excerpt is that the student will be able to distinguish between a floppy
disk, hard disk and CD-ROM by giving at least two features of each..
The three main types of secondary storage hardware are floppy disk, hard
disk and CD-ROM. You are required to remember at least two features of each.
Learning tip: Use the following cards for drill. Look at the front and say
the information on the back. Shuffle the cards and try again. Repeat until
you make no mistakes and your answers are immediate.
| Four features
of a floppy disk |
1. Mylar
plastic flexible disk coated with iron oxide coating,
2. Unsealed, hard (3.5") plastic jacket.
3. 1.44MB capacity
4. Use magnetism to store data |
| Four features
of a hard disk |
1.A stack of
one or more metal platters (usually aluminum) coated with iron oxide
that spin on one spindle.
2. Sealed unit
3. Typical capacity (2000 Aug): 2 - 10GB
4. Uses magnetism to store data |
| Three
features of a CD-ROM |
1. Uses a low
powered Laser beam and lenses, prisms and mirrors to read data
2. Data read only
3. Typical capacity up to 640MB |
- Braxton, S. Bronico, K & Looms, T (1995),
Instructional Design Methodologies and Techniques, [Online] http://www.seas.gwu.edu/~sbraxton/ISD/isd_homepage.html
[3 Feb 2000]
- Briggs, L. J. & Wager, W. W. (1981)
Handbook of Procedures for the Design of Instruction Educational Technology
Publications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
- Briggs, L. J., Gustafson, K. L. & Tellman,
M. H., Eds. (1991) Instructional Design: Principles and Applications, Second
Edition Educational Technology Publications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
- Gagne, R. M. (1985), The Conditions of
Learning and Theory of Instruction. Fourth Edition, Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, New York, NY
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