By the end of this section you will be able to giveCreated :2006 August (08), 23 @ 01:12
| By the end of this section you will be able to give |
| A brief overview of the history of the Internet, its important milestones, and how the Internet has grown |
| Bibliography: History |
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| 1960’s - The Cold War |
| The Internet has had a relatively brief history. It grew out of an experiment begun in the 1960’s by the U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA). They wanted to create a computer network that would continue to function in the event of a disaster, such as a nuclear war. If part of the network were damaged or destroyed, the rest of the system still had to work. In 1962 Paul Baran of RAND Corporation published "On Distributed Communications Networks" which introduced Packet-switching (PS) networks; no single outage point. In this system packets of data are individually addressed and transferred from node to node, with none of the nodes being more important than any other. |  First ARPANET sites |
| 1970’s |
| In 1969 a trial network, called ARPANET, was launched. To begin with there were 4 nodes or hosts, all super-computers at U.S. universities. Researchers at each institution could send data to each other and remotely control each other’s computers. Gradually through the early 70’s more hosts were added (see table 2.1.). In 1971 Ray Tomlinson developed email. In 1975 ARPANET had proved to be so successful that it was converted from an experimental network to an operational one. Although ARPANET was supposed to be used for long-distance computer research, it quickly became apparent that most of the traffic was actually made up of messages sent from researcher to researcher. While many of the messages were notes about long distance networking, such as suggestions for improving the software and hardware of the network, they also included news, gossip and discussion about hobbies. From the beginning, the culture of the Internet, and the collaborative procedures for running it began to evolve. ARPANET’s original standard for communication was known as Network Control Protocol or NCP. As more and more hosts were added through the 70’s, it became apparent that NCP would not be able to handle indefinite expansion. Researchers began to work out a new protocol that would allow billions of hosts to be added. This higher-level, more sophisticated standard was called TCP/IP. By the late 70’s many other networks of computers had been created, all linked to ARPANET using the TCP/IP protocol. Around this time the whole thing began to be called the Internet. |  ARPANET Control Center |
| 1980’s |
| In 1983 the original military segment of ARPANET broke away to form MILNET. One of the other networks was NSFNET, a series of networks for research and education communication created by the US National Science Foundation (NSF). In 1985, the NSF began to upgrade their national network – it was much faster than ARPANET so it took over the duty of the backbone of the Internet. At the same time, many regional networks were created to link individual institutions with the national backbone service. In 1989 ARPANET was finally retired. |
| 1990 - |
| The Internet grew rapidly in the late 80’s and early 90’s as people discovered its potential, and as new software applications were created to make access easier. In 1991 NSF lifted its ban on commercial traffic on its network and Corporations began to link their own networks to NSFNET. In the early years of the Internet all navigation was by text-only computer commands, making it difficult for the non-programmer to understand. However in 1991 Tim Berners-Lee of CERN released the hypertext system, which allowed links to be made from page to page, and images to be included in pages. This system, called the World Wide Web really took off when the first easy to use browser, called Mosaic, was released by NSCA in 1993. In 1993 the NSF set up a service called InterNIC, which registered all addresses on the Internet so that data could be routed to the right system. |  NFS net 1992 |
| 1991 : Countries connected |
 Internet 1991 |
| 1994 - |
Gradually commercial firms and other regional network providers took over the operation of the major Internet arteries from the NSF. Similarly Internet software was increasingly released by commercial firms, instead of as a result of collaboration by academics. As the WWW became more commercialised and easy to use, and as more multimedia applications became available, so its popularity exploded
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| 1997: Countries Connected |
 Countries connected to internet in 1997 |
| 2000’s |
| 2000 - largest growth in Latin America and SE Asia (now 60 million hosts) |
| 2005 |
Dial-up vs BroadbandThe OECD ranks countries by total broadband subscribers per 100 inhabitants. New Zealand's total base of 283,798 translates into 6.9 subscribers per 100. South Korea was again first, with 25.5 subscribers per 100 inhabitants.Nowak, P. (2005, October 25) Free calls mean less broadband – Telecom. Retrieved March 20, 2005 from http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=5&ObjectID=10351794 |
| Internet 2. Abilene backbone |
| Abilene is a 10-Gigabit-per-second national backbone supporting high-performance connectivity and Internet innovation within the U.S. research university community. The set of advanced services supported include IPv6 and multicast and Abilene’s leading-edge infrastructure supports applications such as Internet-based High Definition Television and remote control of distant telescopes. ( http://abilene.internet2.edu/ ) |  Internet 2: Abilene backbone map |
| 2003: Internet2, Abilene backbone and performance |
| Abilene is a 10-Gigabit-per-second national backbone supporting high-performance connectivity and Internet innovation within the U.S. research university community. The set of advanced services supported include IPv6 and multicast and Abilene’s leading-edge infrastructure supports applications such as Internet-based High Definition Television and remote control of distant telescopes. ( http://abilene.internet2.edu/ ) Table: Comparison of speeds: Downloading the DVD Movie "The Matrix"
| Internet 2: Abilene backbone map  The Matrix DVD box |
| 2005-06 |
Geographical search engines
Personal spaces
Broadband
Online help files
Mobile access
Wikis
Q: In 2005-2006 many new technologies became possible with the wider availability of broadband. List and describe 2 of these technologies. |
| Global growth |
| The Internet is growing exponentially. It doubles in size every 18 months. The table below shows the growth of the Internet, measured in the number of hosts, i.e. the number of unique IP addresses registered. Source: Hobbes’ Internet Timeline: http://www.isoc.org/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html . |  Table of internet hosts by month and year 1969-86 |
| Internet growth graph |
 Timeline graph of Internet growth showing exponential growth |
| Internet growth in New Zealand 1999-2004 |
| In the NZ Internet E-commerce Outlook report (IDC) Feb 2000, the number of Kiwis with internet access were estimated at Dec 1999: 861,000 Dec 2000: 1.1 million Dec 2004: 1.9 million. (Source: IDG ( http://www.idg.co.nz ) |